學測考點
被動語態的 by(動作者)
「由…」
- designed by a young engineer
- invented by a Detroit police officer
- created by truly great artists such as Picasso and Monet
- the park was built by Gordon Hartman
be struck / hit by…
「被…擊中」
- was struck by a 60
- struck by lightning seven times
- being hit by lightning
be characterized / distinguished by…
「以…為特色」
- is characterized by its diversity
- are characterized by a fortune
- distinguished by its thoughtful
be accompanied by…
「伴隨」
- is accompanied by a swollen eye
- accompanied by space motion sickness
- was not accompanied by any instrument
be inspired / influenced / encouraged by…
「受…啟發 / 影響 / 鼓勵」:by 後面接給予影響的人或事
- inspired by the landscape paintings
- the creation of the park was inspired by his daughter
- influenced by modern dancing styles
- greatly encouraged by the result
be surrounded / troubled / disturbed by…
「被…包圍 / 困擾 / 打擾」:by 後面接造成的人或事
- surrounded by flowers blooming
- troubled by a problem with trains
- are disturbed by the song in their heads
- troubled by skin rashes
be caused / determined / driven by…
「由…造成 / 決定 / 驅動」:by 後面接原因或動力
- was caused by deer collision
- determined by key factors of production
- driven by different production costs
過去分詞 + by(後置修飾)
「由…所做的」:by 加人名放在名詞後面,說明是誰做的
- the sound of snoring made by neighboring
- a story by
- recommended by WHO
- an invention contest held by her school
- a report published by UNICEF
by + doing something
「藉由…」
- by seeing them in person
- By seeing an animal up close
- by sharing knowledge and information
- by doing so
- by working collectively
- by producing urine
- by gently pressing a warm washcloth
by + 時間
「到…為止、到…的時候」
- by the 16th century
- by 1955, he had completed
- by the time Moran died
- by age 15
- by now
- by the mid-19th century
increase / decrease by + 數量
「幅度為…」
- increased their fish catch by 30%
- exports decreased by 40
- shrunk by 85%
- grew by nearly 8.6% each year
by nature / by no means
「本質上」/「絕不」
- are by nature offensive and hurtful
- is by no means unproductive
- by no means perfect
by way of / by himself / by the side
「經由 / 憑一己之力 / 在旁邊」:by 的不同搭配
- comes by way of the sea
- kill a lion by himself
- stationed by the side
abide by / pass by
「遵守 / 經過」:abide by「遵守」、pass by「經過」(a motto to abide by、the years have passed by)
by + 地點 / 交通工具
「搭乘…」:by 後面接交通工具,不加冠詞(arriving by canoe)
學測原句
每個學測考點各列 1–2 句,想看全部的學測原句,請按下方的按鈕。
- 110 學測|文意選填|第 1 段What you need to do is to make "start slow and have fun" a motto to abide by.你需要做的,是把「慢慢開始,並享受樂趣」當作要遵守的座右銘。
- what you need to do is to V:「你需要做的是…」
- abide by…:「遵守…」
- 114 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›As the years have passed by, many of my childhood memories are already blurring; I can no longer recall clearly what happened back then.隨著歲月流逝,我童年的許多記憶已經變得模糊,我再也無法清楚回想當時發生的事。
- as the years have passed by:「隨著歲月流逝」
- recall:「回想」,re-(回)+ call(叫),把記憶叫回來
- 108 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Welcome poles were traditionally placed on village beachfronts to greet visitors arriving by canoe.歡迎柱傳統上立在村莊海灘前,迎接搭獨木舟抵達的訪客。
- arriving by canoe:「搭獨木舟抵達」
- 115 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Designed by a young engineer, the new product has created far more profit than initially expected.這項由年輕工程師設計的新產品,創造的利潤遠超過當初的預期。
- designed by…:過去分詞片語,修飾 the new product,意思是「由…設計的」
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段A major breakthrough was the yellow light invented by a Detroit police officer William Potts.一項重大突破,是底特律警察 William Potts 發明的黃燈。
- breakthrough:「突破」,break + through,衝破障礙
- invented by…:過去分詞,修飾 the yellow light
- Detroit police officer William Potts:Detroit 當形容詞,「底特律的」
- 背景:底特律(Detroit)是美國密西根州的汽車工業大城。
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段In 2020, Petur Oddsson, a power station worker in Iceland, was struck by a 60,000-volt current.2020 年,冰島發電廠工人 Petur Oddsson 遭到 6 萬伏特高壓電擊。
- power station:「發電廠」
- be struck by…:「被…擊中」,strike 的被動
- volt:「伏特」,電壓的單位
- current:這裡是「電流」,也有「水流」的意思
- 背景:冰島(Iceland)是北大西洋上的島國,漁業是重要產業。
- 110 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Over his 36-year career, Sullivan was struck by lightning seven times—and survived each shock!在他 36 年的職業生涯中,Sullivan 被閃電擊中七次,而且每次都活了下來!
- over his 36-year career:「在他 36 年的職業生涯中」
- survive:「倖存」
- shock:這裡是「電擊」
- 115 學測|混合題|第 9 段Wonder Village, a famous tourist site, is characterized by its diversity and uniqueness.著名的觀光景點 Wonder Village,以多元和獨特為特色。
- be characterized by…:「以…為特色」,character 是「特性」
- 107 學測|文意選填|第 1 段Fortune cookies, commonly served after meals at Chinese restaurants in the U.S., are characterized by a fortune, which is written on a small piece of paper tucked inside the cookie.幸運籤餅通常在美國的中式餐廳飯後供應,特色是有一張寫著籤語的小紙條塞在餅乾裡。
- fortune:這裡是「籤語、運勢」
- fortune cookie:「幸運籤餅」
- be characterized by…:「以…為特色」
- commonly served:「通常被供應」
- tuck:「塞進」,tucked inside=「塞在裡面」
- 106 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段Usually a stye is accompanied by a swollen eye.針眼通常伴隨著眼睛腫脹。
- be accompanied by…:「伴隨著…」
- swollen:「腫脹的」,swell 的過去分詞
- 112 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Moreover, the effect is often accompanied by space motion sickness, headaches, and nausea.此外,這種效應常伴隨太空暈動症、頭痛和噁心。
- be accompanied by…:「伴隨…」
- motion sickness:「暈動症」,暈車暈船那一類
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Moran began painting by age 15, inspired by the landscape paintings of the British master J.M.W. Turner.Moran 最遲在十五歲時就已開始作畫,受到英國大師 J.M.W. Turner 風景畫的啟發。
- by age 15:「到 15 歲時」
- inspired by…:「受…啟發」,inspire 是「啟發」
- landscape painting:「風景畫」
- 背景:J.M.W. Turner(1775–1851)是英國風景畫大師,以光影與氣氛的描繪聞名。
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 1 段The creation of the park was inspired by his daughter, Morgan, who suffers from severe cognitive delay and physical challenges.樂園的創建,靈感來自他的女兒 Morgan,她有嚴重的認知遲緩和身體障礙。
- be inspired by…:「受…啟發」
- suffer from…:「受…所苦」
- cognitive delay:「認知遲緩」
- physical challenges:「身體上的障礙」,challenge 在這裡是委婉說法
- 108 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Surrounded by flowers blooming and birds chirping merrily, the Wangs had a good time hiking in the national park.被盛開的花朵和快樂啾啾叫的鳥兒環繞,Wang 一家在國家公園健行玩得很開心。
- surrounded by…:分詞構句,「被…環繞」
- flowers blooming and birds chirping:「花盛開、鳥啾啾叫」
- merrily:「歡樂地」
- have a good time V-ing:「…玩得很開心」
- hike:「健行」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 2 段The country has been troubled by a problem with trains colliding with deer on its railways.該國一直受火車在鐵道上撞到鹿的問題所困擾。
- be troubled by…:「受…所困擾」
- collide with…:「與…相撞」
- railway:「鐵道」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 4 篇45 percent of train delays in Japan was caused by deer collision.日本 45% 的火車誤點是鹿撞擊造成的。
- be caused by…:「由…造成」
- delay:「誤點」
- 45 percent of…:「…的 45%」;train delays 是複數,原文 was 應為 were
- 105 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段This comparative advantage is determined by key factors of production such as land, capital, and labor.這種比較優勢由土地、資本和勞力等關鍵生產要素決定。
- be determined by…:「由…決定」
- key:「關鍵的」
- factors of production:「生產要素」
- labor:「勞力」
- 114 學測|篇章結構|第 4 段The room's thin plastic walls easily transmit the sound of snoring made by neighboring guests.房間薄薄的塑膠牆很容易把鄰近客人的打呼聲傳進來。
- transmit:「傳送」,把聲音、訊號從一處傳到另一處
- snoring:「打呼聲」,snore「打呼」+ -ing
- made by…:過去分詞,「由…發出的」
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段In 1871, he was appointed to illustrate The Wonders of Yellowstone, a story by Nathaniel P. Langford, who had participated in an expedition to Yellowstone.1871 年,他受命為《黃石奇觀》(The Wonders of Yellowstone)畫插圖,這是 Nathaniel P. Langford 寫的故事,Langford 曾參加黃石探險隊。
- be appointed to V:「被指派去做…」
- illustrate:「畫插圖」
- a story by…:同位語
- who had participated in…:過去完成式,參加探險發生在更早之前
- participate in…:「參加…」
- 背景:黃石(Yellowstone)位於美國西部,以間歇泉與熱泉聞名。
- 114 學測|混合題|第 8 段It’s easier to learn about an animal by seeing them in person.親眼看到動物,比較容易認識這種動物。
- in person:「親自 / 親眼」
- learn about…:「認識 / 了解…」
- by V-ing:「藉由…」
- 114 學測|混合題|第 10 段Fostering empathy…By seeing an animal up close, the public could be encouraged to be more sensitive and compassionate to a species that is facing extinction in the wild.培養同理心……近距離看到動物,大眾可能會更敏感,也更有同情心,去對待在野外面臨絕種的物種。
- foster:「培養 / 促進」,本義是「寄養」,像養育孩子一樣慢慢培養
- up close:「近距離」
- compassionate:「有同情心的」,名詞是 compassion
- face:這裡是「面臨」
- the public:「大眾」
- 115 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 4 段By the 16th century, when Europe’s search for trading routes was at its peak, maps became Eurocentric, with north on top.到了 16 世紀,歐洲尋找貿易路線的風潮達到頂峰,地圖變成以歐洲為中心,北方在上。
- by + 時間:「到…的時候」
- at its peak:「在最高峰」,peak 是「山頂」
- Eurocentric:「以歐洲為中心的」,Euro + center + -ic
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段By 1955, he had completed an improved version of the product, with each square inch of material containing 300 hooks, which made it stay fastened and yet easy enough to pull apart when needed.到 1955 年,他完成了這項產品的改良版,每平方英寸的材料含有 300 個鉤子,既能維持扣緊,需要時又很容易拉開。
- by 1955, he had completed…:過去完成式,「到 1955 年時已經完成」
- with each square inch of material containing 300 hooks:with + 受詞 + V-ing,「每平方英寸…含有…」
- which:指前面整件事
- stay fastened:「維持扣緊」
- and yet:「卻又」,強調對比
- pull apart:「拉開」
- when needed:省略 it is
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 3 篇Iceland has increased their fish catch by 30% in the last 20 years.冰島過去 20 年的捕魚量增加了 30%。
- increase…by 30%:「增加了 30%」
- catch:這裡是名詞,「漁獲量」
- in the last 20 years:搭配現在完成式
- 109 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Due to the global financial crisis, the country's exports decreased by 40 percent last month, the largest drop since 2000.由於全球金融危機,該國上個月的出口下降了 40%,是 2000 年以來最大的跌幅。
- due to…:「由於…」
- global financial crisis:「全球金融危機」
- by 40 percent:「幅度為 40%」
- drop:「下跌」
- 114 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Racist remarks are by nature offensive and hurtful, and should be avoided on all occasions.種族歧視的言論本質上就具有冒犯性、會傷人,在任何場合都應該避免。
- racist remarks:「種族歧視的言論」,race + ist
- by nature:「本質上」
- on all occasions:「在任何場合」
- 115 學測|文意選填|第 2 段Taking a nap in the middle of the day is by no means unproductive.在白天小睡一下,絕對不是沒有成效的事。
- by no means:「絕對不」,直譯是「不是用任何方式」
- unproductive:「沒有成效的」,productive 是「有產出的」,un- 否定
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Almost everything, from food to machinery, comes by way of the sea in huge ships piloted by captains.幾乎所有東西,從食物到機器,都由船長駕駛的大型船隻經海路運來。
- by way of…:「經由…」
- machinery:「機器」
- piloted by captains:「由船長駕駛」,pilot 在這裡是動詞「駕駛、領航」
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇A boy has to kill a lion by himself before becoming an adult.男孩在成年之前,必須獨自殺死一頭獅子。
- by himself:「獨自」
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇By showing opposing views of an issue.藉由呈現一個議題的對立觀點。
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇Its establishment was proposed by Langford.它的設立是 Langford 提議的。
- establishment:「設立」
- 112 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇They are trapped by the sharp branches of the tea trees.牠們被茶樹尖銳的樹枝困住。
- be trapped by…:「被…困住」
- sharp:「尖銳的」
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇Striped and patterned cloth is preferred by young adults.有條紋和圖案的布料受到年輕人偏愛。
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇It was issued by the king of Judah.它是由 Judah 國王核發的。
- issue:這裡是「核發」
- 108 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 3 段Only a third of people are disturbed by the song in their heads.只有三分之一的人被腦中的歌困擾。
- a third:「三分之一」
- be disturbed by…:「被…困擾」
- 107 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段It has long been assumed that creativity is some unusual trait enjoyed by the few.長久以來,人們一直認為創造力是少數人才有的特殊特質。
- it has long been assumed that…:「長久以來人們一直認為…」,現在完成式被動,從過去到現在
- enjoyed by the few:「少數人擁有」,the few 是「少數人」,enjoy 這裡是「享有、擁有」
- 105 學測|文意選填|第 1 段Are forests always created by nature?森林一定是大自然創造的嗎?
- create:「創造」;always 放在否定與疑問句,這裡問「是不是總是」
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇The group was founded by a PE teacher.這個團體是由一位體育老師創立的。
- found:「創立」(過去式 founded)
- PE:體育課,physical education 的縮寫
- 115 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段The worthy vessel held up for nine months, drifting down south slowly and then pushed northward by the ice.這艘可靠的船撐了九個月,先是慢慢往南漂,接著又被冰往北推。
- worthy:「可靠的」,worth 是「值得」,就是值得信賴的船
- hold up:「撐住」
- drift:「漂」
- northward:「往北」,-ward 是「朝…方向」
- 115 學測|篇章結構|第 1 段The absence of smiles stemmed partly from the attempt to hide their decayed teeth caused by poor dental hygiene.不笑的原因之一,是想遮住因為口腔衛生不佳而蛀壞的牙齒。
- the absence of…:「缺少…」,absent 是「缺席的」
- stem from…:「源自」,stem 是植物的「莖」,從莖長出來,所以是「源自」
- decayed:「蛀掉的」
- dental hygiene:「口腔衛生」,dental 是「牙齒的」
- 115 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›The drunk driver who shouted at passers-by and assaulted them with glass bottles was quickly arrested by the police.那名對路人叫囂、還拿玻璃瓶攻擊他們的酒駕駕駛,很快就被警方逮捕。
- passers-by:「路人」,複數 s 加在 passer 後面
- be arrested:「被逮捕」
- 115 學測|混合題|第 7 段From fashion items to rice snacks, it carries products only from local makers and small businesses owned by indigenous people.從時尚商品到米製零食,這家店只賣在地製作者和原住民經營的小商家的產品。
- carry:「(店)有賣」,原意是「攜帶」,店「帶著」這些貨
- owned by…:「由…擁有的」,分詞修飾 businesses
- 115 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 3 段The attackers’ challenge was further complicated by the uneven steps of the staircase, often strategically designed by the castle owners.階梯高低不一,常常是城堡主人刻意設計的,讓攻擊者的處境更加困難。
- complicate:「使複雜」,further complicated 是「更添困難」
- strategically:「有策略地」
- 115 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段In the Old Testament, reference is made to spiral staircases in the Temple of Solomon, suggesting that they were already in use by around 1,000 BC.《舊約聖經》提到所羅門聖殿裡有螺旋梯,顯示大約西元前 1000 年就已經在使用了。
- reference is made to…:「提到…」,等於 … is mentioned
- , suggesting that…:「這顯示…」
- in use:「使用中」
- BC:「西元前」
- 背景:《舊約聖經》(the Old Testament)是基督教聖經的前半部;所羅門聖殿是古代以色列國王所羅門在耶路撒冷建的聖殿。
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇By defining and illustrating a concept.藉由定義並說明一個概念。
- illustrate:這裡是「舉例說明」
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇By presenting cause and effect of a problem.藉由說明一個問題的因果。
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇Acquiring insights by face-to-face interaction.透過面對面互動獲得見解。
- acquire:「獲得」
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇By providing steps for settling a disagreement.藉由提供解決爭議的步驟。
- settle:這裡是「解決」
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段A police officer was stationed by the side to operate the system.一名警察被派駐在旁邊操作這套系統。
- be stationed:「被派駐」,station 當動詞是「派駐在崗位上」
- by the side:「在旁邊」
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗(題目) 第 2 篇What does the author mean by “learning vicariously” in the second paragraph?作者在第二段說的 “learning vicariously” 是什麼意思?
- 試題固定問法:問引號裡的字句是什麼意思;the author mean by…「作者說的…是什麼意思」
- vicariously:「間接地」,透過別人的經驗來感受或學習,不是自己親身經歷
- 114 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段With their plan disrupted by the rain, the two dozen participants squeezed into the living room.計畫被雨打亂,二十四位參與者擠進了客廳。
- with + 受詞 + 過去分詞:「在…被…的情況下」,with their plan disrupted=計畫被打亂
- disrupt:「打亂」,和 interrupt「打斷」意思相近
- two dozen:「兩打、24 個」
- squeeze:「擠」
- 114 學測|篇章結構|第 2 段The chambers are stacked side-by-side, two units high, with the upper rooms reached by a ladder.這些艙房並排堆疊、共兩層高,上層房間要靠梯子才能到達。
- chamber:「房間」,這裡指艙房,書面用字
- stack:「堆疊」
- two units high:「兩個單位高」
- with + 受詞 + 過去分詞:「…被…的情況」,the upper rooms reached by a ladder=上層房間靠梯子到達
- 114 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 3 段For those with unpleasant experiences, trauma may be triggered by the themes and images in the movies, which could make their symptoms worse.對有過不愉快經驗的人來說,電影中的主題與畫面可能觸發創傷,讓症狀更嚴重。
- those with…:「有…的人」
- trauma:「創傷」,身心受到的傷害
- trigger:「觸發」,名詞是槍的「扳機」,扣扳機就引發
- which:指前面整件事
- 114 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段Since that rainy morning in Mill Valley, the World Café approach has been applied to multi-group discussions and cooperative actions by businesses, industries, and educational institutions around the world.自從 Mill Valley 那個下雨的早晨起,World Café 的方法已被全世界的企業、產業與教育機構,運用在多組討論與合作行動上。
- since…, has been applied:since 搭配現在完成式,「從那時到現在」
- apply A to B:「把 A 運用到 B」,本義是把 A 放到 B 上面
- multi-group:「多組的」
- cooperative:「合作的」,co-(一起)+ operate(運作)
- 113 學測|混合題(選項)They have complex interactions led by a leader.牠們有由領袖帶領的複雜互動。
- 113 學測|混合題(選項)They show behavior governed by a unique system of communication.牠們表現出受獨特溝通系統支配的行為。
- governed by…:過去分詞,修飾 behavior,「受…支配的」
- govern:「支配、管理」
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗(題目) 第 1 篇What does the author mean by “a lightbulb moment” in the first paragraph?作者在第一段說的 “a lightbulb moment” 是什麼意思?
- 試題固定問法:問引號裡的字句是什麼意思;the author mean by…「作者說的…是什麼意思」
- a lightbulb moment:「靈光乍現的時刻」,想到好點子時,像是頭上亮起一顆燈泡
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段But Oddsson’s life was saved by a creative invention: transplanting codfish skins onto human bodies.但 Oddsson 的性命,是被一項創新的發明救回來的:把鱈魚皮移植到人體上。
- creative invention:「創新的發明」
- transplant A onto B:「把 A 移植到 B 上」
- codfish:「鱈魚」,常縮寫為 cod
- 113 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Artwork created by truly great artists such as Picasso and Monet will no doubt stand the test of time.畢卡索和莫內這類真正偉大的藝術家所創作的作品,無疑將經得起時間的考驗。
- artwork:「藝術作品」,不可數
- created by…:過去分詞,「由…創作的」
- no doubt:「無疑地」
- Picasso 與 Monet:兩位都是著名畫家
- 113 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段They could have used alarm clocks because adjustable alarms had been invented by the mid-19th century.他們本來可以使用鬧鐘,因為可調整時間的鬧鐘在 19 世紀中葉前就已經發明了。
- could have + 過去分詞:「本來可以…(但沒有)」
- adjustable:「可調整的」,adjust + able
- had been invented:過去完成式,「在那之前就已經發明」
- by the mid-19th century:「到 19 世紀中葉為止」
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 4 段By the time Moran died, he had painted a dozen other areas that would become national parks or monuments.到 Moran 過世時,他已經畫過另外十二個日後會成為國家公園或紀念地的地區。
- by the time + 過去式,主要子句用過去完成式:「到…的時候,已經…」
- a dozen:「一打、十二個」
- that would become…:站在過去看未來
- monument:這裡指「國家紀念地」
- 113 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›The team complained that its leader always took the credit for all the hard work done by the team members.這個團隊抱怨,他們的領導者總是把團隊成員辛苦工作的功勞攬在自己身上。
- complain that…:「抱怨…」
- all the hard work done by the team members:done by… 過去分詞,修飾 work
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Captivated by the utterly fantastic sights Langford described, Moran became eager to see this odd territory for himself.Moran 被 Langford 描述的那些全然奇幻的景象深深吸引,變得渴望親眼看看這片奇特的地方。
- captivated:「深深被吸引的」,capt 是「抓住」,注意力被抓住了(capture 也有 capt)
- eager to V:「渴望…」
- odd:「奇特的」
- territory:「地區」
- for himself:「親自」
- 113 學測|混合題|第 3 段By working collectively, the ants are able to improve the efficiency of their network and adapt to their ever-changing environment.透過集體運作,螞蟻能提升網絡的效率,並適應不斷變化的環境。
- adapt to…:「適應…」
- ever-changing:「不斷變化的」,ever 是「一直」
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Showing great talent in painting, Moran was soon hired as an illustrator at Scribner’s Monthly, and later appointed chief illustrator by age 34.Moran 展現出極高的繪畫天分,很快受雇為《Scribner’s Monthly》的插畫家,最遲在 34 歲時已獲任命為首席插畫家。
- showing…:分詞構句,表示原因
- talent:「天分」
- appoint:「任命」
- chief:「首席的」
- by age 34:「到 34 歲時」
- 背景:Scribner’s Monthly 是 19 世紀美國的圖文雜誌。
- 113 學測|混合題|第 2 段By doing so, the flock members are able to keep a safe distance between themselves, and thus avoid crashing into each other while they flee from the predator.這樣一來,群體成員就能彼此保持安全距離,避免在逃離掠食者時互相撞上。
- by doing so:「這樣做」
- keep a safe distance:「保持安全距離」
- crash into…:「撞上…」
- flee from…:「逃離…」,flee 的三態是 flee-fled-fled
- 113 學測|混合題|第 3 段However, since these trails can easily be broken by wind or rain, the ants have to find new paths to get around the broken points and reestablish the network.然而,由於這些路徑很容易被風雨破壞,螞蟻必須找出新的路徑繞過斷點,重建網絡。
- get around…:「繞過…」
- broken points:「斷點」
- reestablish:「重建」,re-(再)+ establish
- 113 學測|文意選填|第 2 段The idea for the wind phone was first brought forth by a Japanese garden designer named Itaru Sasaki, who was grieving over the death of his cousin in 2010, before the tsunami.風之電話的點子,最早是由名叫 Itaru Sasaki 的日本庭園設計師提出的,他當時正為 2010 年(海嘯發生前)過世的堂表親悲痛。
- bring forth:「提出」,把想法拿到前面來
- named…:「名叫…」
- grieve over…:「為…悲痛」,grief 是「悲傷」
- 113 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 4 段By sharing knowledge and information, the different sectors are able to come up with improved processing and handling, through which creation of various innovative products was made possible.透過分享知識與資訊,不同的領域想出了改良後的加工與處理方式,讓各種創新產品得以誕生。
- come up with…:「想出…」
- processing and handling:「加工與處理」
- through which…:which 指 improved processing and handling
- make… possible:「使…成為可能」
- 112 學測|文意選填|第 2 段To even things out, the body will get rid of water by producing urine.為了讓兩者平衡,身體會透過製造尿液來排出多餘的水。
- even things out:「讓事情平衡」,even 當動詞是「使平整」
- get rid of…:「擺脫 / 排除」
- by producing urine:「藉由製造尿液」
- 112 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段When mothers try to dig their babies out, both may be trapped and smothered by thick mud.母象想把小象挖出來時,兩隻可能都被困住,被厚厚的泥悶住而窒息。
- dig someone out:「把…挖出來」
- trap:「困住」
- smother:「悶住、使窒息」
- thick mud:「厚厚的泥」
- 112 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段When on Earth, we have more fluids in our lower body because they are pulled down by Earth's gravity.在地球上,我們下半身的體液比較多,因為體液被地球的重力往下拉。
- fluid:「體液 / 液體」
- lower body:「下半身」
- pull down:「往下拉」
- are pulled down by…:被動語態
- 112 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Studies show that the supposedly unbiased media are in fact often deeply influenced by political ideology.研究顯示,號稱公正的媒體其實常深受政治意識形態影響。
- unbiased:「不偏頗的」,bias 是「偏見」
- influenced by…:「受…影響」
- 112 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段In certain forests, when you look up you will see a network of cracks formed by gaps between the outermost edges of tree branches.在某些森林裡,抬頭看會看到一張由樹枝最外緣之間的縫隙所形成的裂紋網。
- look up:「抬頭看」
- a network of cracks:「一張裂縫網」
- formed by…:過去分詞,「由…形成的」
- gap:「縫隙」
- outermost:「最外側的」,outer + most
- 112 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段Some researchers point out that as trees often grow close together, treetops can easily collide and break when swayed by the wind.有些研究者指出,樹木常常長得很近,樹梢被風吹動時,很容易互相碰撞而折斷。
- point out:「指出」
- close together:「靠得很近」
- treetop:「樹梢」,tree + top
- collide:「碰撞」
- sway:「搖擺」
- swayed by the wind:「被風吹得搖擺」,省略 when they are
- 112 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 4 段The hula hoop gained international popularity in the late 1950s, when a plastic version was successfully marketed by California’s Wham-O toy company.1950 年代晚期,加州 Wham-O 玩具公司成功推出塑膠版本,呼啦圈因此風行全球。
- gain popularity:「受歡迎」
- market:這裡當動詞,「行銷、推出販售」
- 背景:Wham-O 是美國加州的玩具公司,1958 年推出塑膠呼啦圈。
- 112 學測|篇章結構|第 3 段When asked what color is evoked by a letter or number, synesthetic people would persistently give the same answer even if tested months or years apart.被問到某個字母或數字會引發什麼顏色時,有共感覺的人會一再給出同樣的答案,即使相隔數月或數年才測試。
- evoke:「喚起」,把感覺或記憶「叫出來」
- when asked…:省略 they are
- persistently:「持續不變地」
- even if…:「即使…」
- tested months or years apart:「相隔數月或數年被測試」
- 112 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段Situated off the coast of Tanzania and washed by the warm, clean waters of the Indian Ocean, Zanzibar is a tropical archipelago comprised of several scattered islands.Zanzibar 位於坦尚尼亞外海,受到溫暖乾淨的印度洋海水沖刷,是由幾個分散島嶼組成的熱帶群島。
- situated off the coast of…:「位於…外海」
- wash:這裡是「沖刷」
- be comprised of…:「由…組成」
- 背景:Zanzibar 是坦尚尼亞的群島,位於東非外海的印度洋上。
- 112 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段Additionally, by having branches that do not touch those of their neighbors, trees may be able to limit the spread of leaf-eating insects, and potentially also the transmission of diseases from tree to tree.此外,藉由讓樹枝不碰到鄰樹的樹枝,樹木也許能限制食葉昆蟲的擴散,還可能限制疾病在樹與樹之間傳播。
- by having…:「藉由擁有…」
- those of their neighbors:those 指 the branches
- leaf-eating insects:「食葉昆蟲」
- transmission:「傳播」,transmit 是「傳送」
- from tree to tree:「一棵傳一棵」,名詞不加冠詞
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇To exemplify the types of weapons used by Maasai warriors.為了舉例說明馬賽戰士使用的武器種類。
- exemplify:「舉例說明」,正式用字,一般說 give examples of
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 4 段Beaded jewelry is made by women, and is famous for its complexity.串珠首飾由女性製作,以工藝複雜聞名。
- beaded jewelry:「串珠首飾」
- be famous for…:「以…聞名」
- complexity:「複雜度」
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇They have been urged by governments to leave behind their traditions.政府一直敦促他們拋下自己的傳統。
- urge:「敦促」
- leave behind:「拋下」
- 111 學測|混合題|第 6 段“Judo helped me by giving me serenity, discipline, commitment—everything,” he said.「柔道幫助我,給了我平靜、紀律、決心,一切。」他說。
- commitment:「投入、決心」
- by giving me…:「藉由給我…」
- 111 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段Some have many small private shops, while others have organizations steered by volunteers.有些有許多小型私人店鋪,有些則由志工領導的組織經營。
- while:這裡表對比,「然而」
- some…others…:「有些…有些…」
- steer:本義是「掌舵、駕駛」,organizations steered by volunteers=「由志工掌舵的組織」
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段The hard hat was invented in 1919 by Edward W. Bullard, who had just returned from World War I.安全帽由 Edward W. Bullard 於 1919 年發明,他剛從第一次世界大戰返國。
- invented in 1919 by…:「由…於 1919 年發明」
- who had just returned:過去完成式,「剛剛回來」
- World War I:「第一次世界大戰」
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 4 段They were then replaced by colorful glass beads, allowing for more detailed beadwork and color patterns.後來這些被彩色玻璃珠取代,使串珠工藝能有更細緻的細節與色彩圖案。
- replace:「取代」
- glass beads:「玻璃珠」
- allow for…:「使…成為可能」
- detailed:「細緻的」
- 111 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›The new vaccine was banned by the Food and Drug Administration due to its potentially fatal side effects.這種新疫苗因為可能致命的副作用,被食品藥物管理局禁用。
- ban:「禁止」
- due to…:「由於…」
- side effect:「副作用」
- 背景:Food and Drug Administration(食品藥物管理局,簡稱 FDA)是美國管理食品與藥品的政府機構。
- 111 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段The concept was initiated by Richard Booth, who opened the first second-hand bookshop in Hay-on-Wye, UK in 1961.這個概念由 Richard Booth 發起,他於 1961 年在英國的 Hay-on-Wye 開了第一家二手書店。
- initiate:「發起」
- initiated by…:「由…發起的」
- who opened…:補充說明 Richard Booth
- UK:「英國」
- 背景:Hay-on-Wye(黑爾昂韋)是英國威爾斯靠近英格蘭邊界的小鎮,被稱為世界第一個書鎮。
- 111 學測|混合題|第 7 段Popole was granted asylum in 2014 by Brazilian government and later continued judo training at a youth facility.Popole 於 2014 年獲巴西政府給予庇護,之後在一處青年設施繼續柔道訓練。
- be granted asylum:「獲准庇護」
- youth facility:「青年設施」
- 背景:asylum(庇護)指國家接納因受迫害而逃離的人,讓他們可以留下來。
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 3 段If the process can be replicated in humans, it may give rise to new treatments for blindness caused by retinal damage.如果這個過程能在人類身上複製,可能催生治療視網膜受損所致失明的新療法。
- replicate:「複製」
- give rise to…:「引起、催生」
- treatment:「療法」
- blindness caused by retinal damage:「視網膜受損造成的失明」
- 111 學測|混合題(題目)Which word in Popole Misenga’s story means “protection given by a country or embassy to refugees from another country”?Popole Misenga 的故事中,哪個字的意思是「一個國家或大使館給予來自另一個國家的難民的保護」?
- 這是簡答題
- 111 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›The temple celebrated Mazu Festival by hosting ten days of lion dances, Taiwanese operas, and traditional hand puppet shows.這間廟以舉辦為期十天的舞獅、歌仔戲和傳統布袋戲來慶祝媽祖節。
- host:這裡是動詞,「舉辦」,by hosting ten days of…=「藉由舉辦為期十天的…」
- Mazu:「媽祖」,台灣民間信仰中保佑航海平安的女神
- lion dance:「舞獅」
- Taiwanese opera:「歌仔戲」
- 111 學測|混合題|第 2 段Due to the unstable political situation there, Yusra sometimes had to train in pools under roofs that had been blown open by bombings.由於當地政局不穩,Yusra 有時得在屋頂被炸彈炸開的游泳池裡訓練。
- due to…:「由於…」
- political situation:「政治局勢」
- roofs that had been blown open:過去完成式被動,「已被炸開的屋頂」
- 111 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段Their unique style, as remarked by Karen Blixen, author of Out of Africa, “has grown from the inside, and is an expression of the race and its history.”《遠離非洲》的作者 Karen Blixen 評論說,他們獨特的風格「是從內部長出來的,是這個民族及其歷史的表現」。
- as remarked by…:「如…所評論」
- author of…:「…的作者」
- grow from the inside:「從內部長出來」
- expression:「表現」
- race:這裡是「民族」
- 背景:Karen Blixen(凱倫·布利克森)是曾住在肯亞的丹麥作家,《Out of Africa》(遠離非洲)是她的回憶錄。
- 110 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Being hit by lightning is a rare event.被閃電擊中是罕見的事。
- hit by lightning:「被閃電擊中」
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 1 段The park was built by Gordon Hartman, a former real estate developer.這座樂園由前房地產開發商 Gordon Hartman 興建。
- real estate developer:「房地產開發商」
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 3 篇Concert halls became too big for its music to be heard by the audience.音樂廳變得太大,觀眾聽不見它的音樂。
- too…for A to be p.p.:「太…以致 A 無法被…」
- concert hall:「音樂廳」
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 2 段Franklin was charmed by the music, but felt that there was a better way to create the same sound.富蘭克林被這音樂迷住,但覺得有更好的方式能創造出相同的聲音。
- be charmed by…:「被…迷住」
- create the same sound:「創造相同的聲音」
- 110 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段The city council originally proposed reducing the pigeon population by gathering the birds and shooting them.市議會原本提議以捕捉鳥群再射殺的方式來減少鴿子數量。
- city council:「市議會」
- propose V-ing:「提議…」
- population:這裡是「數量」
- gather:「聚集」
- 110 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Roy Sullivan, a park ranger in the United States, was struck by lightning more recorded times than any other human being.美國公園管理員 Roy Sullivan 被閃電擊中、且有紀錄的次數,比其他任何人都多。
- park ranger:「公園管理員」
- more recorded times than any other human being:「有紀錄的次數比其他任何人都多」
- 背景:Roy Sullivan 被稱為「人體避雷針」,被閃電擊中的次數列入金氏世界紀錄。
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段The plant was considered sacred by the ancient Aztecs, and modern-day Mexicans eat it, drink it, and even use it in medicines and shampoos.古阿茲提克人視這種植物為神聖,現代墨西哥人吃它、喝它,甚至把它用在藥品和洗髮精裡。
- Aztecs:「阿茲提克人」
- medicine:「藥品」
- 110 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 2 段Having already shrunk by 85% to a mere 0.5 square kilometers, Papua's glaciers will completely disappear within a decade, researchers have predicted.研究人員預測,Papua 的冰河已經縮小了 85%,只剩 0.5 平方公里,十年內將完全消失。
- having already shrunk…:完成式分詞構句,「已經縮小」
- shrink:「縮小」
- a mere:「僅僅」
- within a decade:「十年內」
- predict:「預測」
- 110 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Over the course of an 80-year life span, the odds of being hit by lightning are 1 in 3,000, not to mention the probability of being struck seven different times.在 80 年的壽命中,被閃電擊中的機率是三千分之一,更別說被擊中七次的機率了。
- over the course of…:「在…的過程中」
- life span:「壽命」
- 1 in 3,000:「三千分之一」
- not to mention…:「更不用說…」
- be struck:「被擊中」
- 110 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段In medieval Europe, on the other hand, travel documents were issued by local authorities, and generally contained a list of towns and cities which the document holder was permitted to enter or pass through.另一方面,在中世紀歐洲,旅行文件由地方當局簽發,通常包含持有者獲准進入或通過的城鎮清單。
- on the other hand:「另一方面」
- issue:「核發」
- document holder:「文件持有者」
- pass through:「通過」
- 109 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段The idea of Blue Monday dates back to a 2005 campaign by Sky Travel.「憂鬱星期一」的概念,可追溯到 2005 年 Sky Travel 的一項宣傳活動。
- date back to…:「追溯到…」
- campaign:「宣傳活動」
- 背景:Blue Monday(憂鬱星期一)指一月的第三個星期一,被說成一年中最令人憂鬱的一天。
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 3 段They lick the rails to pick up iron filings caused by the action of wheels against tracks.牠們舔鐵軌,攝取輪子與軌道摩擦產生的鐵屑。
- pick up:「攝取」
- iron filings:「鐵屑」
- the action of wheels against tracks:「輪子與軌道的摩擦作用」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 3 段Industry members of the IOC hope to promote the trade of olive oil by initiating these changes.IOC 的業界成員希望藉由推動這些改變,促進橄欖油貿易。
- industry members:「業界成員」
- initiate:「發起、推動」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段The task of bringing the ship into the harbor and anchoring it is taken up by a different captain.把船開進港口並下錨的任務,由另一位船長接手。
- anchor:這裡是動詞,「下錨、停泊」
- take up:「接手」
- a different captain:「另一位船長」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 4 段This new device has been invented by a team at the country’s Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI).這項新裝置由該國鐵道技術研究所(RTRI)的團隊發明。
- invent:「發明」
- Railway Technical Research Institute:「鐵道技術研究所」
- 109 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›The students in Professor Smith's classical Chinese class are required to recite poems by famous Chinese poets.Smith 教授的文言文課,學生被要求背誦著名中國詩人的詩。
- classical Chinese:「文言文」
- be required to V:「被要求…」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗(題目) 第 4 篇What does the author mean by “the unforgiving nature of tons of onrushing rolling stock” in the third paragraph?作者說的 “the unforgiving nature of tons of onrushing rolling stock” 是什麼意思?
- 試題固定問法:問引號裡的字句是什麼意思;the author mean by…「作者說的…是什麼意思」
- rolling stock:「鐵道車輛」,火車車廂等的總稱
- onrushing:「迎面疾衝而來的」
- unforgiving:「毫不留情的」
- 109 學測|文意選填|第 2 段Though often associated with beauty, most dimples are actually a genetic flaw caused by shortened facial muscles.雖然常讓人聯想到美麗,大多數酒窩其實是由臉部肌肉縮短造成的遺傳缺陷。
- though often associated with…:省略 they are
- genetic flaw:「遺傳缺陷」
- shortened facial muscles:「縮短的臉部肌肉」
- 109 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Jane amazed her teacher by passing the exam with a nearly perfect score; she almost failed the course last semester.Jane 以接近滿分的成績通過考試,讓老師大吃一驚;她上學期差點被當掉。
- by V-ing:「藉由…」
- nearly perfect score:「接近滿分」
- fail the course:「被當掉」
- 109 學測|文意選填|第 3 段Not all dimples are formed by a genetic defect, though; some may appear due to the presence of excessive fat on the face.不過,並非所有酒窩都由基因缺陷形成;有些可能是因為臉上脂肪過多而出現。
- not all…:部分否定
- due to…:「由於…」
- presence:「存在」,present 是「在場的」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段The pilot is needed to direct large ships into a port, where there are often deep water channels surrounded by shallower seabeds.需要引水人引導大型船隻進港,因為港口常有深水航道,周圍環繞著較淺的海床。
- direct:這裡是動詞,「引導」
- channel:「航道」
- surrounded by…:「被…環繞」
- shallow:「淺的」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段Probably the most widely used oil in cooking, olive oil is made by crushing olives with stone or steel blades to release the oil.橄欖油可能是烹飪中最廣泛使用的油,製作方式是用石頭或鋼刀壓碎橄欖,釋放出油。
- probably:「可能」
- crush:「壓碎」
- blade:「刀片」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段To be qualified as “extra virgin,” the oil must also pass both an official test in a laboratory and a sensory evaluation by a trained tasting panel.要符合「特級初榨」的資格,這種油還必須通過實驗室的官方檢驗,以及訓練有素的品油小組的感官評鑑。
- be qualified as…:「具備…的資格」
- sensory evaluation:「感官評鑑」,sensory 與 sense(感官)有關
- panel:「評審小組」
- 109 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 5 段RTRI researchers say late-night tests, at times when deer are most frequently seen by railway tracks, have resulted in a 45 percent reduction of deer sighting.RTRI 研究人員表示,在鐵軌旁最常看到鹿的深夜時段進行的測試,使鹿的目擊次數減少了 45%。
- late-night tests:「深夜的測試」
- at times when…:「在…的時候」
- result in…:「導致…」
- sighting:「目擊」,這裡是「目擊次數」,不等同鹿的數量
- 108 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段This interesting phenomenon becomes a subject explored by many scientists.這個有趣的現象成為許多科學家探討的主題。
- explore:「探討」
- a subject explored by…:過去分詞修飾 subject
- 108 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 2 段Recent experiments with this device showed that 80% of the participants were fooled by the smell.最近用這個裝置做的實驗顯示,80% 的參與者被氣味騙了。
- be fooled by…:「被…愚弄」
- 108 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Totem poles in North America are poles or posts carved with symbols or figures by Aboriginal peoples of the Northwest Coast.北美的圖騰柱,是西北海岸原住民族用符號或圖像雕刻的柱子。
- totem pole:「圖騰柱」
- carve:「雕刻」
- figure:這裡是「圖像、人像」
- Aboriginal peoples:「原住民族」
- the Northwest Coast:「西北海岸」
- 108 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 4 段Due to its low cost, this innovative material is already being used by many leading fashion companies to make their products.由於成本低,這種創新材料已被許多領先的時尚公司用來製作產品。
- due to…:「由於…」
- leading:「領先的」
- is already being used:現在進行式被動
- 108 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 5 段Despite the threats posed by cultural and political encroachment of colonial forces, the art of totem pole carving has survived.儘管殖民勢力的文化與政治侵蝕帶來威脅,雕刻圖騰柱的藝術仍存續下來。
- threat posed by…:「…帶來的威脅」
- encroachment:「侵蝕、侵犯」
- colonial forces:「殖民勢力」
- survive:「存續」
- 108 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 1 段Many people who are troubled by skin rashes caused by bug bites use “foggers,” or “bug bombs,” to get rid of the annoying crawlers in their homes.許多受蟲咬紅疹困擾的人,會使用「殺蟲煙霧劑」(又稱「殺蟲彈」),除掉家中惱人的爬行害蟲。
- be troubled by…:「受…困擾」
- rash:「紅疹」
- fogger:「殺蟲煙霧劑」
- bug bomb:「殺蟲彈」
- get rid of…:「擺脫、除掉」
- crawler:「爬行的蟲」
- 107 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段This can be done by, for example, learning new skills or traveling to new countries.例如,學習新技能或到新的國家旅行就能做到。
- this can be done by…:「這可以藉由…來做到」,by 後面接動名詞;for example 夾在句中表示舉例
- 107 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›After delivering a very powerful speech, the award winner was surrounded by a group of fans asking for her signature.發表了一場很有力的演說後,得獎者被一群要簽名的粉絲團團圍住。
- delivering a speech:「發表演說」
- ask for:「要」
- 107 學測|文意選填|第 2 段One of these stories traces the cookie's origin back to 13th- and 14th-century China, which was then occupied by the Mongols.其中一個說法把餅乾的起源追溯到十三、十四世紀被蒙古人占領的中國。
- trace A back to B:「把 A 追溯到 B」
- occupy:「占領」,這裡用被動,China 被蒙古人占領
- which was then occupied:then 是「當時」
- 13th- and 14th-century:13th- 後面省略了 century,完整是 13th-century and 14th-century,兩個合在一起修飾 China,century 不加 s
- 107 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段It was not until Grover Cleveland’s first presidency that some effective crowd control measures were implemented to address the problem caused by this practice.直到 Grover Cleveland 第一次擔任總統時,才實施了一些有效的人潮管制措施,來處理這個做法造成的問題。
- it was not until…that…:「直到…才…」
- crowd control:「人潮管制」
- implement:「實施」
- address the problem:「處理問題」,address 在這裡是動詞
- practice:這裡是「做法」
- 107 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 2 段In addition, the songs are seemingly trying to work some magic—as if, by singing, the mother is saying, “Sadness has already touched this house; no need to come by again.”此外,這些歌似乎是想施一點魔法,彷彿母親藉由唱歌在說:「悲傷已經碰過這個家,不需要再來了。」
- in addition:「此外」
- seemingly:「似乎」
- work some magic:「施展魔法」
- as if:「彷彿」
- by singing:「藉由唱歌」
- touch:這裡是「碰觸、侵擾」
- no need to V:「不需要…」,前面省略 there is
- 107 學測|文意選填|第 4 段However, the more generally accepted story is that the fortune cookie first appeared in either 1907 or 1914 in San Francisco, created by a Japanese immigrant, Makoto Hagiwara.然而,更普遍被接受的說法是,幸運籤餅最早出現在 1907 或 1914 年的舊金山,由日本移民 Makoto Hagiwara 創造。
- the more generally accepted story:「更普遍被接受的說法」
- either…or…:「不是…就是…」
- created by…:過去分詞,修飾 fortune cookie
- Makoto Hagiwara:人名,不用背
- 107 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 3 段An extremely mild winter allowed more mosquitoes than usual to survive, while the unusually high temperatures in that scorching summer further increased their number by speeding up their life cycle.極為溫和的冬天讓比平常更多的蚊子存活下來,而那個酷熱夏天的異常高溫,又加快了牠們的生命週期,進一步增加了數量。
- extremely mild:「極為溫和的」
- allow A to V:「讓 A 能夠…」
- scorching:「酷熱的」,scorch 是「烤焦」
- more mosquitoes than usual:「比平常更多的蚊子」
- by speeding up…:「藉由加快…」
- life cycle:「生命週期」
- 106 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇It was greatly influenced by modern dancing styles.它深受現代舞風的影響。
- be influenced by…:「受…影響」
- 106 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇The products one can get by paying a fee to Dognition.付費給 Dognition 就能得到的產品。
- 106 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Capoeira was created nearly 500 years ago in Brazil by African slaves.Capoeira 是近五百年前,由非洲奴隸在巴西創造的。
- nearly:「將近」
- slave:「奴隸」;create 的被動語態,「被創造」
- 106 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段The Shoe That Grows, created by a charity called Because International, changes all this.由名為 Because International 的慈善機構創造的「會長大的鞋」,改變了這一切。
- created by…:過去分詞,修飾 the Shoe That Grows
- changes all this:「改變這一切」,all this 指前面說的鞋子問題
- 106 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段Winslow Homer (1836-1910) is regarded by many as the greatest American painter of the nineteenth century.Winslow Homer(1836–1910)被許多人視為十九世紀最偉大的美國畫家。
- be regarded as…:「被視為…」
- by many:「被許多人」
- the nineteenth century:「十九世紀」
- 106 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›While winning a gold medal is what every Olympic athlete dreams of, it becomes meaningless if it is achieved by cheating.贏得金牌是每位奧運選手的夢想,但如果是靠作弊得到的,就毫無意義。
- dream of…:「夢想…」
- meaningless:「毫無意義的」
- cheat:「作弊」
- achieve:「達成」
- 106 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 3 段You might speed up healing time by gently pressing a warm washcloth against your eyelid for 10 minutes, 3 or 4 times a day.你可以每天三、四次、每次十分鐘,把溫熱的毛巾輕輕壓在眼皮上,來加快痊癒時間。
- speed up:「加快」
- press A against B:「把 A 壓在 B 上」
- washcloth:「小毛巾」
- might:這裡表示「可能有幫助」,語氣不肯定
- 106 學測|綜合測驗 第 1 篇|第 2 段An eye stye is a small bump, resembling a pimple, that develops when an oil gland at the edge of an eyelid becomes infected by bacteria.針眼是一個像青春痘的小腫塊,在眼皮邊緣的油脂腺被細菌感染時長出來。
- resembling a pimple:分詞片語,resemble=「像」
- develop:這裡是「長出」
- oil gland:「油脂腺」
- infect:「感染」
- bacteria:「細菌」,複數,單數是 bacterium
- 106 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 3 段From the late 1850s until his death in 1910, Winslow Homer produced a body of work distinguished by its thoughtful expression and its independence from artistic conventions.從 1850 年代晚期到 1910 年去世,Winslow Homer 創作了一系列作品,特色是深思熟慮的表達,以及不受藝術慣例拘束的獨立性。
- a body of work:「一批作品」
- be distinguished by…:「以…為特色」
- thoughtful:「有深度的」
- independence from…:「脫離…的獨立」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇The platform is supported by two pieces of metal.平台由兩片金屬支撐。
- be supported by…:「由…支撐」
- two pieces of metal:「兩片金屬」,metal 不可數用 pieces
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 3 篇More than nine thousand schools have been destroyed by wars.超過九千所學校被戰爭摧毀。
- more than…:「超過…」
- destroy:「摧毀」
- wars:複數,指多場戰爭
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 4 篇Sea snakes will be the last creature affected by global warming.海蛇將是最後一個受全球暖化影響的生物。
- the last…:這裡是「最後一個」
- affected by…:過去分詞,修飾 creature
- global warming:「全球暖化」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 2 篇She was invited to enter an invention contest held by her school.她受邀參加學校舉辦的發明比賽。
- be invited to V:「受邀…」
- enter a contest:「參加比賽」
- held by her school:過去分詞,修飾 contest
- 105 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 2 段During the 1990s, international trade grew by nearly 8.6% each year.1990 年代期間,國際貿易每年成長近 8.6%。
- during the 1990s:「1990 年代期間」
- nearly:「將近」
- each year:「每年」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗(題目) 第 1 篇Which field is NOT mentioned in the passage as being affected by blood-type beliefs?下列哪個領域沒有被文章提到是受血型信仰影響的?
- 試題固定問法:選文章沒提到的;NOT mentioned「沒有被提到」,NOT 大寫是提醒題目問的是反面
- 105 學測|文意選填|第 2 段Greatly encouraged by the result, Kareem planted more trees and his man-made forest began to take shape.Kareem 受到這個結果的大大鼓舞,種了更多樹,他的人造森林開始成形。
- greatly encouraged by…:「受到…大大鼓舞」,分詞構句
- take shape:「成形」
- 105 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 3 段However, because different people behave differently when lying, a polygraph test is by no means perfect.然而,由於不同的人說謊時反應不同,測謊絕非完美。
- because 子句:說明原因
- by no means:「絕不」,means 是「方法」,用任何方法都不可能,所以是「絕不」,這裡後面接 perfect,意思是「絕不完美」
- 105 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›Most of the area is covered by woods, where bird species are so numerous that it is a paradise for birdwatchers.該地區大部分被樹林覆蓋,那裡的鳥類種類多到成為賞鳥者的天堂。
- be covered by…:「被…覆蓋」
- species:「物種」,單複數同形
- 105 學測|詞彙題看這一題 ›In winter, our skin tends to become dry and itchy, a problem which is usually treated by applying lotions or creams.冬天時我們的皮膚容易變得乾燥又發癢,這個問題通常用乳液或乳霜來處理。
- tend to V:「傾向…」
- treat:「處理、治療」
- apply A:「塗抹 A」
- cream:「乳霜」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 4 段The blood-type craze, considered simply harmless fun by some Japanese, may manifest itself as prejudice and discrimination.血型狂熱被一些日本人視為單純無害的樂趣,卻可能表現為偏見與歧視。
- considered…by some:過去分詞片語,修飾 craze
- manifest itself as…:「表現為…」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段However, the plastic step-stool she had at home was unstable and cluttered up the small bathroom shared by her whole family.然而,她家的塑膠踏凳不穩,還把全家共用的小浴室弄得雜亂。
- unstable:「不穩的」,un + stable
- clutter up:「把…弄得雜亂」
- shared by her whole family:過去分詞,修飾 bathroom
- 105 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段Trade is driven by different production costs in different countries, making it cheaper for some countries to import goods rather than make them.貿易是由各國不同的生產成本所推動,讓某些國家進口商品比自己製造便宜。
- be driven by…:「由…推動」
- production cost:「生產成本」
- making it cheaper:分詞構句,表示結果,it 是形式受詞,真正的受詞是 to import goods…
- rather than:「而不是」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段When not in use, the hinges allowed the two pieces of wood to fold back up tightly against the cabinet, where they were held in place by magnets.不使用時,鉸鏈讓兩片木頭可以緊緊折回靠著櫃子,並由磁鐵固定在原位。
- when not in use:省略 they are
- allow A to V:「讓 A 能夠…」
- fold back up:「折回收起」
- held in place:「固定在原位」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 1 段Many marine animals, including penguins and marine iguanas, have evolved ways to get rid of excess salt by using special salt-expelling glands around their tongue.許多海洋動物,包括企鵝和海鬣蜥,已演化出利用舌頭周圍特殊排鹽腺排除多餘鹽分的方式。
- evolve:「演化」
- get rid of…:「擺脫…」
- excess:「多餘的」
- salt-expelling gland:「排鹽腺」,expel 是「排出」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 4 段With more than 13 million children already driven from classrooms by conflict, it is no exaggeration to say that the educational prospects of a generation of children are in the balance.已有超過 1,300 萬名兒童因衝突被趕出教室,說一個世代孩子的教育前景岌岌可危,並不誇張。
- with…already driven…:with + 受詞 + p.p.
- no exaggeration to say…:「說…並不誇張」
- in the balance:「懸而未決、岌岌可危」,balance 是「天平」,放在天平上還沒往哪邊倒,所以是「懸而未決」,in balance(沒有 the)則是「平衡、均衡」
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 1 段Ongoing conflicts across the Middle East have prevented more than 13 million children from attending school, according to a report published by UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund.根據聯合國兒童基金會 UNICEF 發表的報告,中東各地持續不斷的衝突使超過 1,300 萬名兒童無法上學。
- prevent A from V-ing:「阻止 A 做…」
- attend school:「上學」
- according to…:「根據…」
- UNICEF:聯合國兒童基金會的縮寫
- 105 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段After learning of an invention contest held by her school that year, Jeanie resolved to enter the contest by creating a stool that would be a permanent fixture in the bathroom, and yet could be kept out of the way when not in use.得知學校那年舉辦發明比賽後,Jeanie 決心參賽,發明一張永久固定在浴室、但不用時又能收起來不擋路的凳子。
- learn of…:「得知…」
- invention contest:「發明比賽」
- resolve to V:「決心…」
- permanent fixture:「固定裝置」
- out of the way:「不擋路」
- in use:「使用中」
- 104 學測|文意選填|第 3 段During World War II, Norway was occupied by the Nazis.第二次世界大戰期間,挪威被納粹占領。
- World War II:「第二次世界大戰」
- occupy:「占領」,這裡用被動語態
- the Nazis:「納粹」
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇The need to respect nature to avoid being destroyed by it.必須尊重自然,以免遭其摧毀。
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇Most of the performance was not accompanied by any instrument.大部分的演出沒有任何樂器伴奏。
- accompany:「伴奏」
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 4 篇They usually do not meet the standard of exercise recommended by WHO.他們通常達不到世界衛生組織建議的運動標準。
- meet the standard:「達到標準」
- recommended by WHO:過去分詞,修飾 exercise
- WHO:世界衛生組織
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗(選項) 第 1 篇The audience could not visualize the theme sung by the school children.觀眾無法想像出學童所唱的主題。
- visualize:「想像出畫面」
- 104 學測|文意選填|第 2 段The familiar looped design was invented by Gem Manufacturing Ltd. in England.我們熟悉的環形設計,是英國 Gem Manufacturing Ltd. 發明的。
- looped design:「環形設計」
- invent:「發明」
- Ltd.:Limited 的縮寫,「有限公司」
- 104 學測|文意選填|第 2 段In the late 19th century, the most common way to hold papers together was by using a pin.十九世紀後期,把紙固定在一起最常見的方法是使用別針。
- the late 19th century:「十九世紀後期」
- by using…:「藉由使用…」
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗 第 3 篇|第 6 段He made clear his dislike of images that had been improved by artificial light, darkroom effects, and even cropping.他明確表示不喜歡經過人工光線、暗房效果、甚至裁切修飾的影像。
- make clear his dislike of…:「明確表示不喜歡…」
- artificial light:「人工光線」
- crop:「裁切」
- images that had been improved:過去完成式被動,表示早已被修飾
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 1 段You’ve most likely heard the news by now: A car-commuting, desk-bound, TV-watching lifestyle can be harmful to our health.你現在很可能已經聽說了:開車通勤、坐辦公桌、看電視的生活方式,可能有害健康。
- most likely:「很可能」
- by now:「到現在」
- car-commuting, desk-bound, TV-watching:三個複合形容詞,修飾 lifestyle
- desk-bound:「被綁在桌前的」
- 104 學測|綜合測驗 第 3 篇|第 2 段Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists in the 17th century.蘋果在亞洲和歐洲已種植數千年,並在十七世紀由歐洲殖民者帶到北美洲。
- have been grown:現在完成式被動
- the 17th century:「十七世紀」
- were brought:被動語態
- 104 學測|綜合測驗 第 2 篇|第 1 段Peacocks are also highly valued in China and Japan, where they are kept as symbols by the ruling families to represent their status and wealth.孔雀在中國和日本也極受重視,統治家族把牠們當作象徵,來代表自己的地位與財富。
- highly valued:「高度受重視」
- where they are kept as symbols:where 指 China and Japan
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗 第 1 篇|第 1 段In 2011, they were voted as one of the world’s top five performance groups by audiences of Japan Broadcasting Corporation’s Amazing Voice program.2011 年,他們被日本放送協會《Amazing Voice》節目的觀眾票選為世界前五大表演團體之一。
- be voted as…:「被投票選為…」
- audience:「觀眾」,集合名詞
- Corporation:「公司、協會」
- one of the world's top five performance groups:「世界前五大表演團體之一」
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗 第 4 篇|第 3 段Recent studies show that people spend an average of 64 hours a week sitting, whether or not they exercise 150 minutes a week as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO).近期研究顯示,不論是否達到世界衛生組織建議的每週運動 150 分鐘,人們平均每週坐 64 小時。
- spend…sitting:「花…時間坐著」
- whether or not…:「無論是否…」
- recommend:「建議」
- World Health Organization:「世界衛生組織」,縮寫 WHO
- 104 學測|閱讀測驗 第 2 篇|第 2 段Terrence Power, for example, complained that after his wife learned she had Wegener’s disease, an uncommon disorder of the immune system, they found it difficult to refuse testing recommended by her physician.例如,Terrence Power 抱怨說,他妻子得知自己罹患韋格納氏症(一種不常見的免疫系統疾病)後,他們發現很難拒絕她的醫生建議的檢驗。
- complain that…:「抱怨…」
- uncommon:「不常見的」
- disorder:「疾病、失調」
- immune system:「免疫系統」
- recommend:「建議」
- physician:「醫師」,比 doctor 正式
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