been｜學測英文單字

115 學測｜篇章結構｜第 1 段
For most of recorded human history, the open smile has been deeply unfashionable.
在人類有記載的歷史中，絕大部分時間裡，張嘴露齒的笑都很不時興。
- recorded：「有記載的」
- the open smile：「張嘴露齒的笑」
114 學測｜文意選填｜第 2 段
Mounted in the two tall towers of the cathedral, Notre-Dame's bells have been ringing for over 800 years.
聖母院的鐘安裝在大教堂兩座高塔裡，已經響了 800 多年。
- mounted：「安裝 / 架設」，mount 本義是「爬上」，把東西架上去
- have been ringing for over 800 years：現在完成進行式，「一直響到現在」
113 學測｜詞彙題看這一題 ›
I've been waiting here for more than 30 minutes.
我已經在這裡等超過 30 分鐘了。
- 這句和上一句是同一題，空格在上一句（答案 due）；這句是線索，等了超過 30 分鐘，所以才問公車預計幾點到
- I've been waiting：現在完成進行式，「一直在等，等到現在」
- for more than 30 minutes：「超過 30 分鐘」
112 學測｜閱讀測驗（選項）第 3 篇
For centuries, Zanzibar has been a heaven for beach lovers.
幾世紀以來，Zanzibar 一直是海灘愛好者的天堂。
- for centuries：「幾世紀以來」，搭配現在完成式
- beach lover：「海灘愛好者」
111 學測｜閱讀測驗（選項）第 1 篇
They have been urged by governments to leave behind their traditions.
政府一直敦促他們拋下自己的傳統。
- urge：「敦促」
- leave behind：「拋下」
110 學測｜綜合測驗第 2 篇｜第 2 段
"If he was, the first bolt would have been enough.
「如果祂在找我，第一次閃電就夠了。
- if he was, the first bolt would have been enough：與過去事實相反的假設，「如果祂真的在找我，第一道閃電就夠了」

109 學測｜閱讀測驗（題目）第 4 篇
What device has NOT been used to solve the railway problem in Japan?
哪一種裝置沒有被用來解決日本的鐵路問題？
- 試題固定問法：選沒有發生的；NOT 大寫是提醒題目問的是反面，這題問「沒有被用來解決鐵路問題的裝置」
108 學測｜綜合測驗第 2 篇｜第 1 段
The pineapple, a delicious tropical fruit, has been valued for centuries not only for its distinct and unique taste, but also for its miraculous health and medical benefits.
鳳梨是美味的熱帶水果，幾世紀以來受到重視，不只是因為它獨特的風味，也因為神奇的健康與醫療功效。
- be valued for…：「因…受到重視」
- miraculous：「神奇的」，miracle 是「奇蹟」
- not only A but also B：「不只 A，也 B」
- medical benefits：「醫療功效」
107 學測｜文意選填｜第 1 段
None of them, however, has been proven to be entirely true.
然而，沒有一種說法被證明完全屬實。
- none of them：「沒有一個」，後面用單數動詞 has
- be proven to be…：「被證明是…」
106 學測｜閱讀測驗第 1 篇｜第 5 段
Dognition helps people understand their dogs in ways that they have never been able to do.
Dognition 幫助人們用前所未有的方式了解自己的狗。
- in ways that they have never been able to do：ways 後面接 that 子句，「以他們從未能做到的方式」
105 學測｜閱讀測驗（選項）第 3 篇
The war in Syria has been going on since 2011.
敘利亞的戰爭從 2011 年持續到現在。
- go on：「持續」
- has been going on：現在完成進行式
- since 2011：「自 2011 年起」
104 學測｜閱讀測驗第 3 篇｜第 6 段
He made clear his dislike of images that had been improved by artificial light, darkroom effects, and even cropping.
他明確表示不喜歡經過人工光線、暗房效果、甚至裁切修飾的影像。
- make clear his dislike of…：「明確表示不喜歡…」
- artificial light：「人工光線」
- crop：「裁切」
- images that had been improved：過去完成式被動，表示早已被修飾
115 學測｜詞彙題看這一題 ›
It has been confirmed that a balanced consumption of fruit and vegetables is a key element to good health.
均衡攝取蔬果已被證實是維持健康的關鍵要素。
- it has been confirmed that…：「已被證實…」，it 是形式主詞
- key element：「關鍵要素」
115 學測｜篇章結構｜第 1 段
More importantly, smiling and laughter had long been perceived in the society as manifestations of a lack of self-control and good manners.
更重要的是，微笑和大笑長期以來在社會上被視為缺乏自制力與教養的表現。
- perceive：「看待、認為」，比 see 正式
- manifestation：「表現」，manifest 是「顯示出來」
- a lack of…：「缺乏…」
114 學測｜綜合測驗第 2 篇｜第 1 段
If you have ever been sick to your stomach on a rocking boat or a bumpy car ride, you know the discomfort of motion sickness.
如果你曾在搖晃的船上或顛簸的車程中覺得反胃，就會知道暈動症的不適。
- be sick to one's stomach：「反胃 / 想吐」
- rocking：「搖晃的」，rock 當動詞是「搖」（rocking chair 是搖椅）
- bumpy：「顛簸的」，bump 是「碰撞」
- discomfort：「不適」，dis-（不）+ comfort（舒適）
- motion sickness：「暈動症」，暈車、暈船等的統稱
114 學測｜文意選填｜第 3 段
They have been used to mark the hours of the day, to call the faithful to prayer, and to signal emergency situations such as fires and invasions.
它們曾用來報時、召喚信徒祈禱，也用來示警火災與入侵等緊急情況。
- mark the hours：「標示時辰」，就是報時
- the faithful：「信徒」，the + 形容詞表一群人，faith 是「信仰」
- signal：這裡當動詞，「發出信號 / 示警」
- invasion：「入侵」，invade 的名詞
114 學測｜綜合測驗第 1 篇｜第 3 段
Since that rainy morning in Mill Valley, the World Café approach has been applied to multi-group discussions and cooperative actions by businesses, industries, and educational institutions around the world.
自從 Mill Valley 那個下雨的早晨起，World Café 的方法已被全世界的企業、產業與教育機構，運用在多組討論與合作行動上。
- since…, has been applied：since 搭配現在完成式，「從那時到現在」
- apply A to B：「把 A 運用到 B」，本義是把 A 放到 B 上面
- multi-group：「多組的」
- cooperative：「合作的」，co-（一起）+ operate（運作）
113 學測｜閱讀測驗（選項）第 1 篇
It has been a market favorite since its first appearance.
它從首度問世以來，一直是市場上的寵兒。
- favorite：這裡是名詞，「最受歡迎的東西」
113 學測｜文意選填｜第 3 段
Phones resembling the wind phone have since been built around the world.
此後，與風之電話相似的電話，已在世界各地建造起來。
- resemble：「像」，是及物動詞，後面不加 to
- since：這裡是副詞，「從那時起」，搭配現在完成式 have been built
113 學測｜綜合測驗第 2 篇｜第 2 段
They could have used alarm clocks because adjustable alarms had been invented by the mid-19th century.
他們本來可以使用鬧鐘，因為可調整時間的鬧鐘在 19 世紀中葉前就已經發明了。
- could have + 過去分詞：「本來可以…（但沒有）」
- adjustable：「可調整的」，adjust + able
- had been invented：過去完成式，「在那之前就已經發明」
- by the mid-19th century：「到 19 世紀中葉為止」
113 學測｜混合題｜第 1 段
Over the years, people have been curious about the way they deal with disturbances arising from the environment, and the operations underlying their responses as a group.
多年來，人們一直很好奇，牠們如何應付來自環境的干擾，以及牠們作為一個群體做出反應時背後的運作方式。
- over the years：「多年來」
- be curious about…：「對…好奇」
- disturbance：「干擾」
- arising from…：「由…產生的」
- the way (that) they deal with…：「牠們處理…的方式」
- underlying：「背後的」，under + lie（躺），躺在下面看不到
112 學測｜篇章結構｜第 4 段
But an actual synesthesia gene (or genes) has not been identified yet.
但實際的共感覺基因（一個或多個）尚未被找出來。
- identify：「辨識出」
- has not been identified yet：現在完成式被動，「還沒被找出來」
- gene (or genes)：括號補充說明可能不只一個基因
112 學測｜閱讀測驗（題目）第 1 篇
According to the passage, what materials have been used for making hoops?
根據文章，製作呼拉圈用過哪些材料？
112 學測｜閱讀測驗第 2 篇｜第 3 段
Until now, only smaller tea brands have been certified, but awareness is growing.
到目前為止，只有較小的茶葉品牌通過認證，但大眾的意識正在提高。
- until now：「到目前為止」
- awareness：「意識」，aware 是「察覺到的」
112 學測｜綜合測驗第 2 篇｜第 1 段
Gravity has been at the top of the science agenda since the start of Mars missions.
自從火星任務開始以來，重力一直是科學議程的首要項目。
- at the top of the agenda：「列在議程最前面」，也就是「最優先」
- Mars missions：「火星任務」
- since the start of…：「自…開始以來」
- gravity：「重力」
112 學測｜混合題｜第 4 段
We’ve been mostly vegan 90% of the time for the last 6 years and we cannot thank GreenBurger enough!
過去六年來，我們有 90% 的時間幾乎都吃全素，我們對 GreenBurger 的感謝說不完！
- mostly vegan：「大部分是純素」
- for the last 6 years：搭配現在完成式
- cannot thank…enough：「再怎麼感謝…都不夠」
112 學測｜綜合測驗第 1 篇｜第 2 段
Scientists have been discussing crown shyness since the 1920s, proposing multiple explanations for the phenomenon.
自 1920 年代以來，科學家就一直在討論樹冠羞避，並對這個現象提出多種解釋。
- have been discussing…since…：「自…以來一直在討論」，現在完成進行式
- the 1920s：「1920 年代」
- propose：「提出」
- multiple：「多種的」
112 學測｜閱讀測驗第 3 篇｜第 2 段
From ancient times, Zanzibar has been a trading hotspot, thanks to its location on the trade route between Arabia and Africa.
從古代開始，Zanzibar 就一直是貿易熱點，因為它位在阿拉伯和非洲之間的貿易路線上。
- thanks to…：「多虧、因為」
- trade route：「貿易路線」
- Arabia：「阿拉伯」
- from ancient times：「從古代起」
112 學測｜文意選填｜第 3 段
The secret is: Never wait until the body is telling you you're thirsty, since there must already have been significant changes in your body for it to eventually alert your consciousness.
祕訣是：絕不要等到身體告訴你口渴了才喝，因為身體一定已經出現明顯變化，才會最後警示你的意識。
- never wait until…：「絕不等到…」
- significant：「明顯的」
- there must already have been…：must have + 過去分詞，「一定已經有…」
- alert：這裡當動詞，「警示」
111 學測｜混合題｜第 1 段
Refugee athletes have been invited to compete in the Olympic Games since 2016.
自 2016 年以來，難民運動員受邀參加奧運會。
- be invited to V：「受邀去…」
- compete：「競賽」
- have been invited…since 2016：現在完成式 + since
111 學測｜綜合測驗第 1 篇｜第 1 段
Since the 1970s, book towns like Hay-on-Wye have been springing up all over the world.
自 1970 年代以來，像 Hay-on-Wye 這樣的書鎮在世界各地不斷冒出來。
- since the 1970s…have been springing up：現在完成進行式，「一直在冒出來」
- spring up：「冒出來」，spring 的畫面是「彈出來」
- all over the world：「世界各地」
111 學測｜閱讀測驗第 2 篇｜第 3 段
A common color code has also been developed for recognizing people and their roles on site.
也發展出通用的顏色代碼，用來辨識工地上的人及其角色。
- color code：「顏色代碼」
- recognize：「辨識」
- on site：「在現場」
111 學測｜閱讀測驗第 3 篇｜第 1 段
Zebrafish, named for their characteristic stripes, have been a popular test subject for researchers.
斑馬魚因其特有的條紋而得名，一直是受歡迎的研究實驗對象。
- named for…：「以…命名」
- test subject：「實驗對象」，subject 這裡是「受試對象」
111 學測｜閱讀測驗第 2 篇｜第 3 段
Recently, new models have been introduced and accessories added to meet the needs of laborers working on various job sites.
最近推出了新款式並增加配件，以滿足在各種工地工作的勞工需求。
- model：這裡是「款式」
- introduce：「推出」
- job site：「工地」
- have been introduced：現在完成式被動
111 學測｜混合題｜第 2 段
Due to the unstable political situation there, Yusra sometimes had to train in pools under roofs that had been blown open by bombings.
由於當地政局不穩，Yusra 有時得在屋頂被炸彈炸開的游泳池裡訓練。
- due to…：「由於…」
- political situation：「政治局勢」
- roofs that had been blown open：過去完成式被動，「已被炸開的屋頂」
110 學測｜閱讀測驗第 1 篇｜第 2 段
Over the years, only the edible soft inner flesh has been used.
多年來，人們一直只利用其中可食用的柔軟肉質部分。
- over the years：「多年來」
- inner flesh：「內部的肉質部分」，不限定是果肉
110 學測｜閱讀測驗第 1 篇｜第 2 段
The cactus’s thick outer layer (i.e., husk), with all those spines, had always been viewed as a waste product until researchers developed a biogas generator to turn the husks into electricity.
仙人掌厚厚的外層（也就是外殼）布滿了刺，一直被視為廢棄物，直到研究人員開發出沼氣發電機，把外殼變成電力。
- outer layer：「外層」
- i.e.：「也就是」
- waste product：「廢棄物」
- biogas：「沼氣」，bio-（生物）+ gas
- turn A into B：「把 A 變成 B」
109 學測｜閱讀測驗第 4 篇｜第 2 段
The country has been troubled by a problem with trains colliding with deer on its railways.
該國一直受火車在鐵道上撞到鹿的問題所困擾。
- be troubled by…：「受…所困擾」
- collide with…：「與…相撞」
- railway：「鐵道」
109 學測｜閱讀測驗第 4 篇｜第 4 段
This new device has been invented by a team at the country’s Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI).
這項新裝置由該國鐵道技術研究所（RTRI）的團隊發明。
- invent：「發明」
- Railway Technical Research Institute：「鐵道技術研究所」
109 學測｜詞彙題看這一題 ›
The potato chips have been left uncovered on the table for such a long time that they no longer taste fresh and crispy.
洋芋片沒蓋起來放在桌上太久，已經不再新鮮酥脆了。
- potato chips：「洋芋片」
- leave A uncovered：「讓 A 沒蓋著」
- such…that…：「如此…以致於…」
- no longer：「不再」
109 學測｜閱讀測驗第 4 篇｜第 3 段
In the past, flashing red lights and even lion faces have been unsuccessfully trialed in an attempt to keep deer off the tracks.
過去曾試過閃爍的紅燈，甚至獅子臉，希望讓鹿遠離軌道，但都沒成功。
- trial：這裡是動詞，「試用」
- unsuccessfully：「不成功地」
- in an attempt to V：「企圖…」
- keep someone off…：「使某人遠離…」
109 學測｜綜合測驗第 1 篇｜第 1 段
Over the centuries, henna tattoos have been used in weddings and holiday celebrations because they are thought to carry blessings from the gods.
幾世紀以來，海娜刺青被用在婚禮和節慶，因為人們認為它們帶有神的祝福。
- over the centuries：「幾世紀以來」
- be thought to V：「被認為會…」
107 學測｜綜合測驗第 1 篇｜第 1 段
It has long been assumed that creativity is some unusual trait enjoyed by the few.
長久以來，人們一直認為創造力是少數人才有的特殊特質。
- it has long been assumed that…：「長久以來人們一直認為…」，現在完成式被動，從過去到現在
- enjoyed by the few：「少數人擁有」，the few 是「少數人」，enjoy 這裡是「享有、擁有」
107 學測｜綜合測驗第 2 篇｜第 1 段
Hair usually gets greasy when it has not been washed because it soaks up oil—hence the need for shampoo!
頭髮沒洗通常會變油膩，因為它會吸收油脂，所以才需要洗髮精！
- greasy：「油膩的」，grease 是「油脂」
- soak up：「吸收」
- hence：「因此」，比 so 更正式
- hair 不可數，所以用 it，不是 they
107 學測｜詞彙題看這一題 ›
Various studies have been conducted in this hospital to explore the link between a high-fat diet and cancer.
這家醫院進行了各種研究，探討高脂飲食與癌症之間的關聯。
- explore the link between A and B：「探討 A 和 B 的關聯」
- high-fat diet：「高脂飲食」
107 學測｜閱讀測驗第 1 篇｜第 3 段
At various times in history, the White House has been known as the “President’s Palace,” the “President’s House,” and the “Executive Mansion.”
歷史上不同時期，白宮曾被稱為「總統宮」、「總統官邸」與「行政大廈」。
- at various times：「在不同時期」
- be known as…：「被稱為…」
- mansion：「大宅」
- Executive：「行政的」
107 學測｜文意選填｜第 2 段
According to the legend, notes of secret plans for a revolution to overthrow the Mongols were hidden in mooncakes that would ordinarily have been stuffed with sweet bean paste.
根據傳說，推翻蒙古人的革命秘密計畫的字條，被藏在本來會包著甜豆沙的月餅裡。
- according to the legend：「根據傳說」
- would ordinarily have been stuffed with…：「通常會被塞滿…」，would have + p.p. 表示和事實不同，這裡是說這些月餅本來會包豆沙，卻被藏了字條
- bean paste：「豆沙」
106 學測｜文意選填｜第 2 段
Mummies have also been found with onions and onion flowers decorating their pelvis, chest, ears, eyes, and feet.
也曾發現木乃伊的骨盆、胸、耳朵、眼睛和腳上有洋蔥和洋蔥花作裝飾。
- found with…decorating…：found with A doing，「發現帶著 A 在裝飾」
106 學測｜文意選填｜第 3 段
Some scholars theorize that onions may have been used for the dead because it was believed that their strong scent would prompt the dead to breathe again.
有些學者推測，洋蔥可能被用在死者身上，因為人們相信它強烈的氣味會促使死者再次呼吸。
- theorize：「推測」，theory 的動詞
- scent：「氣味」，c 不發音
- prompt someone to V：「促使某人…」
- because 子句：說明洋蔥被用的原因
105 學測｜閱讀測驗第 1 篇｜第 2 段
The blood-type belief has been used in unusual ways.
血型信念被用在不尋常的方式上。
- in unusual ways：「以不尋常的方式」
105 學測｜閱讀測驗（選項）第 3 篇
More than nine thousand schools have been destroyed by wars.
超過九千所學校被戰爭摧毀。
- more than…：「超過…」
- destroy：「摧毀」
- wars：複數，指多場戰爭
105 學測｜閱讀測驗（選項）第 3 篇
Thirteen million people have been forced to leave their homes in the Middle East.
一千三百萬人被迫離開中東的家園。
- be forced to V：「被迫…」
- thirteen million：「一千三百萬」
- the Middle East：「中東」
105 學測｜閱讀測驗第 3 篇｜第 3 段
With the crisis now in its fifth year, basic public services, including education, inside Syria have been stretched to breaking point.
隨著危機進入第五年，敘利亞境內包括教育在內的基本公共服務，已被拉到瀕臨崩潰的地步。
- with the crisis now in its fifth year：with + 受詞 + 補語，表示伴隨狀況
- public services：「公共服務」
- be stretched to breaking point：像被拉到快斷掉，比喻「負荷到極限」
105 學測｜詞彙題看這一題 ›
Although Maggie has been physically confined to her wheelchair since the car accident, she does not limit herself to indoor activities.
雖然 Maggie 自從車禍後身體上被限制在輪椅上，她並不把自己侷限在室內活動。
- limit oneself to…：「把自己限制在…」
105 學測｜綜合測驗第 3 篇｜第 2 段
While international trade has long been conducted in history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
雖然國際貿易在歷史上早已進行，但它在經濟、社會與政治上的重要性在近幾個世紀不斷上升。
- conduct：「進行」
- on the rise：「在上升」
- recent centuries：「近幾個世紀」
105 學測｜詞彙題看這一題 ›
In line with the worldwide green movement, carmakers have been working hard to make their new models more environmentally friendly to reduce pollution.
配合全球的環保運動，汽車製造商一直努力讓新車款更環保，以減少污染。
- in line with…：「與…一致」
- green movement：「環保運動」
104 學測｜綜合測驗第 3 篇｜第 2 段
Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists in the 17th century.
蘋果在亞洲和歐洲已種植數千年，並在十七世紀由歐洲殖民者帶到北美洲。
- have been grown：現在完成式被動
- the 17th century：「十七世紀」
- were brought：被動語態
104 學測｜綜合測驗第 3 篇｜第 1 段
Tree products have been an important part of diets for thousands of years, from early humans gathering fruits and nuts to the first cultivation of important trees, such as mango and apple.
樹木產品數千年來一直是飲食的重要部分，從早期人類採集水果和堅果，到首次栽培芒果和蘋果等重要樹木。
- from A to B：「從 A 到 B」
- gather：「採集」
- cultivation：「栽培」，cultivate 的名詞
- have been：現在完成式，表示從過去到現在持續

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